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Germany

Germany, Welcome To The New Normal

The success of the far-right Alternative for Germany party in the election is history’s revenge against the idea that Germans had to be a model for the rest of the world.

A new day above Berlin
A new day above Berlin
Henryk M. Broder

BERLIN — The Netherlands has Geert Wilders and France has Marine Le Pen. Austria has its Freedom Party, Belgium has Vlaams Belang and Britain has the UKIP. Further north are the Danish People's Party, the Swedish Democrats, the True Finns and Norway"s Progress Party; down south are Italy's Northern League and Five Star Movement and the Golden Dawn in Greece. Only Germany, a not entirely unimportant country in Europe, has not seen a populist right-wing movement or party in a very long time.

And how proud of this we always were! Because unlike the other Europeans, we had learned from our history, renounced nationalism and declared "Europe" our homeland. Even the German national soccer team adopted an international moniker in 2016, calling itself "Die Mannschaft," or "The Team," without any mention of the disturbing word "German" in the name.

Before that we already sacrificed the deutschmark on the altar of European integration. We slid from one extreme to another. Instead of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles," or "Germany, Germany above all," as in the German national anthem, it is now "Germany for all!" The latest act of national reparation has been the "welcome culture." Because we are colorful, tolerant and cosmopolitan, and that's how we'd like to stay — if only it weren't for the Alternative for Germany party (AfD) winning some 13% of Sunday's vote.

Why do they always point their fingers at us?

But isn't the AfD also a sign of normalization? Didn't we always want to be "normal," like the others? Don't other nations also have dark chapters in their history? The Americans, the British, the Dutch, the Belgians, the French? Why do they always point their fingers at us?

Seen this way, AfD is a blessing, not a curse. Now we can say: We don't only want to be like you, we are like you! We freeze in the cold, we sweat in the heat; we worry during the day and have nightmares at night. If you prick us, we bleed, you tickle us and we laugh; if you poison us we die and if you offend us ... well, we take revenge.

The AfD then can be seen as history's revenge against that idea that we need to somehow be better, a model for other nations. Quickly, just save the world, tell everyone where climate change has been going all along, give lessons in democracy to the Americans. Since Sunday's election, we now have to deal with ourselves again. Welcome to the new Germany.

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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