Continuous, clear ​and widespread

But the events of the past three weeks indicate a truly national movement involving Iranians from all walks of life. Those detained by police include lawyers, doctors, students, shopkeepers and factory workers, not to mention secondary schoolchildren.

The death Mahsa Amini of proved to be the last straw for a nation

The protests erupted and kept their pace in numerous districts, with people everywhere chanting similar or identical slogans. In big cities, they began in the city center before moving to suburbs, shantytowns and rooftops. Ideologically, protesters have already trampled on all the regime's red lines, indicating an unequivocal rejection of its legitimacy and entire leadership.

For its scope and its demands and the dismissal of regime boundaries, this movement bears the traits of a revolution.

Prelude to the end?

The protests have entered a fourth week, in spite of the bullets and beatings and the regime's claims that they have ended. They are showing elements of organization and leadership, and a great deal of cohesion. The death of a girl arbitrarily arrested over a headscarf proved to be the last straw for a nation that has suffered 43 years of brutal oppression and economic ruin.

In slogans heard on the streets in 2017, Iranians were already telling politicians they had tired of the interplay of "reformists and conservatives" that deceitfully fed public hopes of reforms from the 1990s. In case it had not become clear in prior rounds of protests: Iranians are loudly stating their rejection of an entire regime.

Over the years and through several rounds of crushed protests, Iranians have managed to finetune their methods and practices. Perhaps the challenge this time around is to find a collective leader, who may yet emerge, alongside the resilience and courage of women and youngsters, as one of the surprises of an uprising many thought would be snuffed out within days.

Escalating threats

Sixteen days after the start of the protests, Khamenei emerged from an unusually long absence to denounce the "riots." Speaking at an army barracks, he pinned the blame on the usual suspects, the United States and Israel. He sought to appear as a leader firm in resolve and determined to crush "enemy plots," proffering encouraging words to "loyal forces." But his speech and its tone could not hide the regime's fears.

He accused foreign forces and "the remains of the Pahlavi state and Savak agents in the country" of provoking the unrest. He was referring to the Pahlavi dynasty, overthrown in 1979, and its secret police, known by its acronym SAVAK. He cited information ministry reports on the first 10 days of unrest, which he said revealed that most of those arrested had expressed support for the monarchy.

This may become the revolution that will finally turn Iran into a modern democracy.

The Prosecutor-General Muhammadja'far Montazeri has in turn threatened protesters with the "crushing zeal" of the regime's Basij (or "mobilization") militia. The reactions show the state's concern with the resilience of protests, the hostile slogans and with signs of discouragement among the security forces.

International support

This uprising, in contrast with protests in 2017 and 2019, has caught the world's imagination and swiftly garnered support abroad, both among politicians and figures of the arts or sports.

Support from ordinary folk, especially women, spread like wildfire on social media. This was notable in places like Turkey and Afghanistan, where women face the similar oppression of fundamentalist powers.

Analysts have even begun speculating on how the end of the ayatollahs might affect reforms in Arab states and the fate of other Islamist regimes like those of Turkey or Indonesia, or reverse some of the historical fruits of the Islamist wave: instability in the Middle East and beyond, and migratory waves.

The scale of foreign sympathies for the protests is unprecedented. Exiled supporters of democracy might use their momentum to forge solid ties with foreign powers and media, and pressure Western governments to withdraw visas and economic facilities for the regime, its institutions and agents (as Canada has done, impeding the entry of Revolutionary guards officers into the country). They can urge them to act against any further repression of protests or restore or expand Internet access in Iran. Such measures would be fitting contributions to what may become the revolution that will finally turn Iran into a modern democracy.