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CLARIN

Canada's Indecent Proposal To Fix The Mess In Venezuela

Mediation may well be what Venezuela needs to climb out of its deep political crisis, but it can't come from Cuba.

Guaido and Trudeau meeting on Jan. 28
Guaido and Trudeau meeting on Jan. 28
Miguel Henrique Otero*

-OpEd-

CARACAS — Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Foreign Minister François-Philippe Champagne of Canada — leaders of a nation with significant economic interests in Cuba — have been advising Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó to seek help from Havana in finding a solution to the crisis in his country.

It's worth asking, though, just how probable is it that the ruthless Castro regime, which is directly involved in training torture officials in Venezuela, and may even be directly involved in torturing Venezuelan civilians and soldiers held for dissent, would want to help resolve a tragedy from which it benefits with impunity?

The perverse Cuban regime is responsible for planning and counseling rights violations in Venezuela (and Nicaragua) perpetrated during peaceful protests by citizens. Furthermore: It has been a stimulant for creating strategies that have ensured — alongside the actions of soldiers, policemen and paramilitaries — the brutal repression of unarmed civilian demonstrations.

Castro-perversion has encouraged the destruction of institutional government in Venezuela.

Nor could we forget the hundreds of people murdered in the course of such events, and thousands more shot, gassed, beaten, robbed, kidnapped, tortured and sexually abused, all by officials guided on the ground by agents of Castro-perversion.

This voracious, totalitarian regime is not only a partial culprit, but more crucially the undisputed winner in the Venezuelan debacle. A regime with its ability to lie and utterly distort reality, with its police and espionage structures, unconcealed hatred of any form of freedom, an ability to foment delusions and manipulate the deluded crowds, its theatrical ability to play the victim of imperialism for so long, and structural ties to drug-dealing guerrillas in Colombia.

Fidel and Raul Castro, back in 2001 — Photo: Wikimedia Commons

Castro-perversion has encouraged the destruction of institutional government and the separation of powers in Venezuela, the very prerequisites that allowed the country's previous leader, Hugo Chávez (1999-2013), to perpetuate himself in power.

The Cuban regime is the author of the massive embezzlement of Venezuelan public assets through oil shipped there at risible prices, supposedly in exchange for services like medical aid. What it has been sending Venezuela in fact are policemen, soldiers, commissars and yes, a few doctors and paramedics, many of whom are incompetent, with outdated medical knowhow and incapable of running a simple, neighborhood GP service.

Why would this perverse regime help a democratic transition in Venezuela?

A particularly vile aspect of the Trudeau-Champagne suggestion concerns the Cuban people itself. How could Castro-perversion contribute to Venezuela's liberation when it has systematically oppressed and impoverished its own citizens for 61 years? How could it, when it persecutes, jails and tortures Cubans, prevents free speech and information, stifles artists and writers for stating opinions, detains anyone for asking questions, spies on every corner of its island and has revamped its constitution to consolidate communist oppression for centuries to come?

What makes the Canadian leaders imagine that Havana will desist from its toxic strategy of destabilizing Latin America to replace governments with sympathetic regimes, all with Venezuelan money, and aid instead a process wherein President Nicolás Maduro would abandon power and pave the way for free, transparent elections?

Above all, why would this perverse regime help a democratic transition in Venezuela, when it lives off Venezuelan oil and the monies sent by front companies of the state oil firm PDVSA and other public entities, and benefits from the illicit extraction and sale of minerals from Venezuela? How and why would Cuba do this, when change will mean an end to the vast resources gifted to it over decades, first by Chávez and now by Maduro?


*The author is the director of the Caracas-based daily newspaper El Nacional.

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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