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LA STAMPA

In Ivory Coast, Stars Campaign To Keep People From Emigrating

In Abidjan, Ivory Coast
In Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Marco Bresolin

ABIDJAN — Jumping and dancing to the rhythm of the popular urban music zouglou, they snap pictures on their smartphones of their idols performing onstage. Always smiling and never sitting still, Ivory Coast's millennials have been nicknamed the "génération pressée pressée," the generation that is always in a rush.

Young Ivorians are dynamic and curious, and restless to leave their home country to explore a world they have so far only seen on TV. On a Sunday in late November, a free concert in Abidjan's sports stadium attracted many spectators. The country's largest city and financial capital hosted a show featuring some of the most popular Ivorian stars, including the band Magic System and the Ivorian soccer legend Didier Drogba. They all came together to send one message to their young fans, many of them eager to make the illegal journey across the Sahara and the Mediterranean to a better life in Europe: Don't go.

Recent images broadcast on CNN of a migrant camp in Libya, showing refugees chained and enslaved, served as a wake-up call in this corner of West Africa. In one single day in late November, 321 Ivorians returned home from Libya, taking advantage of a joint program of the United Nations and the European Union, which has helped 12,000 migrants return safely to their home countries. Despite the increase in returnees, an estimated 7,000 Ivorian migrants remain trapped in Libyan refugee camps in infernal conditions.

We may have little to eat here, but at least we have some.

"We don't need to be humiliated to achieve well-being, so let's seek it at home," shouts Asalfo, Magic System's frontman. Culture Minister Maurice Bandaman then takes the microphone on the stage. "We may have little to eat here, but at least we have some," he says. "We've created two million jobs and we'll keep creating more, it's always better than being enslaved in Libya or dying in the Mediterranean."

Anywhere else, such remarks might appear insensitive, but here they are received with applause from the large crowd. Protesters cheer, holding up signs against illegal emigration.

Photo: Magic System via Twitter

After the minister's speech, the evening's true star, Didier Drogba, appears on stage, wearing a hat that says, "Don't care to be a star." He urges his compatriots to stay positive: "With the EU-Africa summit hosted here in late November, we have a unique chance to have our voices heard," he says. "Every problem has a solution."

That may be easy to say for an extremely wealthy man in a country where 46% of the population lives under the international poverty line. While Ivory Coast boasts Africa's fastest-growing economy, with a GDP growth rate of 8%, the number of citizens living in poverty is rising and life expectancy hovers around 52, the lowest in West Africa.

Ivorians were the fourth-largest group among foreign arrivals on Italian shores in 2017, with around 7,700 making the journey to Italy. Only one in 10 was granted asylum, with the rest deemed economic migrants and ordered to leave.

They're victims of illusions peddled by smugglers.

"We're only treated well at home," says the zouglou star JC Pluriel. "We must try to improve conditions here through our work, that's the only thing that sets us free."

Many Ivorians who leave for Europe already have jobs but decide to leave anyway. "I know many people who left their jobs to go to Europe, they're victims of illusions peddled by smugglers," says Agriculture Minister Sangafowa Coulibaly. "Of course, lack of opportunity here is still a problem."

Ivory Coast is the world's leading cocoa producer, with 35% of global production, but Coulibaly laments that the industry has been using the same methods for 50 years. The EU, the top consumer and importer of cocoa, is funding projects to foster innovation in the sector.

European flags line the streets that lead to the center of Abidjan. Among locals, the perception is that the EU is bringing hope and money to this West African country. But underlying these expectations is a burning anger at the images from Libya.

"You Europeans have made a deal with criminals," says one local. "You are responsible."

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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