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Israel

A Ray Of Hope For Israeli-Palestinian Reconciliation

After a trip to the region, European Parliament Member Daniel Cohn-Bendit is convinced that Israelis and Palestinians can “be realistic and create the impossible”: two independent states.

Side by side - Cohn-Bendit sees hope for independent Israeli and Palestinian states
Side by side - Cohn-Bendit sees hope for independent Israeli and Palestinian states
Daniel Cohn-Bendit

A recent trip to Israel and its occupied territories has given me more reasons for hope than despair. The unbearable processions of dead and wounded from the Middle East has been relentless for more than 50 years now. From a foreign perspective, from France or Germany for instance, the idea of a peaceful and long-lasting outcome has seemed less and less feasible as the days go by.

On Sunday, while the world's media were focused on the front of a New York police station, I was terror-stricken again when I learned of the wave of victims following the Nakba Day commemorations. The Palestinian people call it "the day of the catastrophe" because it commemorates the creation of Israel in 1948. Israeli people die, Palestinian people die, and then we are back to square one again, as if any tiny hope to see two free democratic states coexisting had vanished.

Still, I will not give up hope, even if in this particular case, I'm letting my reasoning be influenced by emotion. I have just come back from quite a long trip to Israel and some of its occupied territories. Even if the situation is still very complex and deeply enmeshed with other issues, the people I met there gave me more reasons for hope than for despondency.

As the Israeli government falls back on certitudes that leave less and less room for the other side, we are seeing such fierce resistance to this self-styled "established" order that I have the feeling people are not resigned to war and confrontation.

Among many encounters, meetings with Yehuda from Hebron and Nomika from Sderot were undoubtedly some of the most intense in a long time. Yehuda is a former Israeli soldier who was involved in the West Bank occupation. One day, he could no longer tolerate the methods used by his army. So he joined the Israeli NGO Breaking the Silence, which denounces the colonial behaviors that can jeopardize democracy.

A soldier in the past, he will go on being a soldier, but to defend the existence of Israel, not of settlements. When we were in Hebron, he reminded me that Jews and Arabs had been living in peace in that city before the 1929 Hebron Massacre, in which 67 Jews were killed. Today, a few settlers are forcibly setting aside part of the city where more than 140,000 Palestinian people live. He thinks Israel will not be able to continue imposing such injustice for much longer.

Nomika is a woman who lived in terror of being hit by rockets launched from the Gaza Strip. When a rocket is launched, you have no more than 20 seconds to take shelter or rescue the children playing in the streets. Her friends who were killed or wounded did not have those 20 seconds.

In retaliation, the Israeli army continued bombarding Gaza City. Nomika could not stand the situation any longer. She got in touch with the Palestinian people living in the Gaza Strip. She wrote a tex message, saying "Not in my name and not for me you went to war". Nomika believes that reconciliation is not simply a wish, it is a necessity. Is there any other solution than to create two independent states?

A few months ago, nobody thought that the Arab Revolts would happen, so today I am tempted to say to my Israeli and Palestinian friends: be realistic, create the impossible!

Photo - Laika

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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