ZURICH — There's a question on the minds of many professionals who work daily with young people, especially in schools: Is it possible to detect the warning signs of an extremist drift, and nip it in the bud? Researchers at the Zurich-based Swiss Social Research Institute (SifG) believe so. They've devised a new software called Radicalization Profiling, or Ra-Prof.

It takes the form of a 42-question survey designed to help confirm or counter initial suspicions about a student's potential radicalization. While the tests have only been run in Zurich since last November, the software has already been translated into 14 languages, and it has piqued the interest of numerous Swiss districts as well Austria.

"Professionals often feel helpless regarding radicalization," says Daniele Lenzo, head of Zurich's city safety department and designer of the software.

Three colors for three possible results: green, red and orange

Are some of your students refusing to take part in co-ed gym class? Are they sharing Islamic State propaganda videos online? Are they increasingly withdrawn, or struggling with their studies? To Ra-Prof, such behaviors might be interpreted as warning signs of radicalization.

"It is important that the person who answers the questions is well-acquainted with the student whose behavior is being assessed, so as to spot any change in habits without seeking further information," notes Lenzo.

This program is not designed to help professionals monitor the children they take care of. On the contrary, it aims to give them the tools to identify vulnerable children. As Lenzo explains, "Because Islam has now become subversive, children who are in pain may resort to it as a way of provoking adults or drawing attention to themselves."

How does it work?

When schoolteachers, social workers and police officers suspect students of developing an interest in extremism, they can consult with Lenzo, who will provide them with the questionnaire if he believes their concerns are well-founded; only he will see the results.

Three color-based results are possible: green, if there is no urgent need for action; orange, if some additional information is required; and red, if action must be taken in response to a "clear tendency toward radicalization." If the case appears serious enough, the safety services can alert the police department or transfer the results to intelligent services.

Radicalization follows recognizable patterns

Lenzo, who was trained to detect jihadist behaviors in Europe, strongly believes that "radicalization follows recognizable patterns." A student's refusal to shake hands with a female teacher on religious grounds, or sudden interest in practicing a conservative interpretation of Islam, are insufficient indicators on their own of a potential jihadist. But some sudden impulses may well be interpreted as symptomatic of an ongoing process of radicalization. That's why it is so difficult for professionals to weigh potential risks without casting suspicion over on a whole religious community.

"The idea is not to single out the Muslim community. 98% of Muslims practice their faith peacefully. Radicalization only concerns 2% of individuals who want to impose their religious beliefs on others, who are socially withdrawn and/or who live a second life online. Only they are potentially dangerous," Lenzo says.

Sometimes, speaking with a student's parents is all it takes to end the radicalization process.

"What matters to us is whether the student is in touch with a criminal organization or not," Lenzo notes.

The software's limits

But the questionnaire has limitations. Without further analysis, it can be misleading. Lenzo recalls a case in a Zurich school: A student had suddenly withdrawn and started skipping class while assiduously taking part in an Islamic association. According to the questionnaire, such a change in behavior put him in the red zone.

But initiating a discussion with the teacher and the student in question, it turned out that he was the victim of schoolyard bullying; his religious conversion was simply a way of seeking refuge. Equipped with this information, the teacher was able to take supportive action. The bullying ended, and the tension between the student and his surroundings disappeared.

To date, the Ra-Prof software has only been used 40 times in Zurich. Though no case of radicalization has been detected, the software has successfully put minds at ease.