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Germany

Don't Ask If I'm A Feminist, Ask Why Women Earn 22% Less

A German journalist suggests that the conversation around feminism has taken a terribly wrong turn. First you must ask the right questions.

A 1942 photo of a worker at North American Aviation plant in California.
A 1942 photo of a worker at North American Aviation plant in California.
Mara Delius*

-OpEd-

BERLINYes, I am a feminist. Please forgive my yawn as I say so, but I really can’t listen to it anymore. The question of whether or not I'm a feminist is breaking my balls that I don't even have.

What, you don't like my answer? You want me to make a clearer statement, even though I've made my opinions known over the years in these pages on topics such as plastic surgery, transgender lectureships, power structures, Susan Sontag, Margaret Thatcher, Alice Schwarzer, Dirndls and the trouser suit? OK, OK: I'm a feminist and proud of it!

Although it would be rather more hip, as they say, to philosophize about Angelina Jolie’s vagina, or simply conclude that feminism has finally become obsolete. But determined radical mindsets are easiest to defend. So, here it goes: I say Yes to feminism. Is that clear enough?

Three types of feminist

But let’s approach this subject in a calm and collected manner. Those who have followed the German feminism debate over the last five years will have singled out three types of women. Those who don’t wear make-up, are hairy, and are as crumpled, in every sense of the word, as their potato-sack corduroy dresses. That's the 1970s feminist. Then there are those who are ambitious, egotistical, often childless, dressed in slim-fitting suits and busy zipping from one highly ambitious career goal to the next. That's the so-called career woman. And then there are those who are progressive, completely hairless, post-ideological, for whom hard-and-fast political demands are suspect. That's the contemporary young woman of today.

These different flavors of feminism are a mixture of theory coupled with realistic experiences, questions of the past mixing with questions for today, a specific demand for equality versus territorial cries of rage, socioeconomic conditions and ideological wishful thinking. This continues on and on until the cacophony leads to the inevitable demand that feminism be scrapped altogether, because it's just plain annoying.

Feminism these days is a mere ghost. It doesn’t actually exist anymore, neither as a movement, a moral compass, nor a shining beacon in the darkness. Perhaps this is why so many still cling to it, longing for a structure to guide them. I, for one, am not searching for such a structure, which may explain my determination to remain silent on the subject for a while.

The theory of the ‘me’

Coco Chanel, Hannah Arendt, Julie Burchill, Clarice Lispector, Ayn Rand, Diana Vreeland, Sylvia Plath, Carine Roitfeld, Joan Didion, Margarete Mitscherlich. Each and every one of these women with whom I have associated myself intellectually has tackled their femininity thoughtfully, though they probably wouldn't have considered themselves feminists. But let’s return to the original question, a question I am supposed to answer in a radical and personal fashion because I am a woman of these times.

Well, I'm lucky to find myself in such a state of enlightenment and independence where I need nothing more than to surround myself with certain things, including ideas, men, children and cars. So, what precisely are my feminist moments?

Well, let me begin with how I feel when I see the wage differential in the workforce and the absence of women in positions they deserve to hold.

When I first started in this editorial department, a long-serving editor welcomed me by calling me "blondie" (I thought that was amusing). Later on, a globally renowned philosopher grabbed my breast after I interviewed him (I thought that was disgusting). Nowadays, there's not a single female editor in a position of responsibility (which I find old-fashioned and very surprising).

The most recent survey of wages in Germany found that women earn on average 22% less than men for the exact same jobs. Why is that the case? I would like a clear and objective answer, please. Perhaps more people should be asking that question rather than prodding me incessantly about whether I'm a feminist.

Feminism to me is just another word for keeping an eye out for my own interests. Those who don’t get that are trapped in an old-fashioned attitude disguised as ultra-liberal, a state of mind that leaves no space for women who can think critically about themselves and their world.

*Mara Delius is a writer and culture editor at Die Welt.

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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