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LA STAMPA

Why Some Foreigners Like Italy's Anti-Migrant League Party

Social media dialogue and reader comments on news stories suggest that the far-right's xenophobic rhetoric resonates for immigrants.

Salvini at a June 3 rally in Italy
Salvini at a June 3 rally in Italy
Karima Moual

Italy's anti-migrant League party received 34% of the national vote in May's elections for the European Parliament, becoming Italy's top party. Its leader, Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, has recently approved a new security decree that brings in hefty fines, of up to 50,000 euros, to NGO rescue boats that bring migrants to Italy without permission.

In this piece for Turin-based La Stampa, Karima Moual shows how the League is winning ground even among migrants themselves, some of whom resent the center-left Democratic Party (PD), which never followed through on promises to pass a law to give Italian citizenship to children born in Italy to foreign parents.

ROME — "Can't find a house to rent? There are reasons for that. In recent years, we haven't distinguished ourselves for our best behavior," writes a Moroccan man. Another one comments: "Italians aren't racist. It's just that some foreigners act like degenerates, and so Italians are pushed to defend themselves." And a third one adds: "Some of our fellow countrymen here pretend to be poor, but when they return to their country, they lack for nothing. Because of a few, we all pass off as very poor ... Why?"

These are just some of the comments posted below recent news stories in Italy. What is striking is that they are made by foreign-born citizens. Looking at their profiles on social networks, you can see that it's both men and women sharing these kinds of opinions, and they belong to different age groups.

Few show a good command of Italian — they prefer to communicate among themselves in their original language. But this doesn't mean that they are not well integrated. On the contrary: They often work and have families. And they proudly show how fulfilled they feel in Italy.

There is the story of Samira, originally from Tunisia, 35 years old, well integrated, with a job as a saleswoman in a shoe store. She vents in a lengthy Facebook post, recalling the long ordeal that she, as a foreigner, had to go through to find an apartment to rent. Surprise: Instead of finding solidarity, her post got flooded by an avalanche of comments that justify the discrimination she is suffering. Most users share the same idea: "If they don't give you the apartment, it's because there are "bad apples' in our community."

They proudly show how fulfilled they feel in Italy.

Mohamed, 54, comes from Morocco and has lived in Italy with his family for 20 years now. He is a hard worker and has strong opinions. "Italians act like that because so many of our people are opportunists," he writes. "I personally know several people like that and I'm ashamed of them. They ruined our reputation. They are the ones who prefer to live in poverty, scrounge to set aside money to send to their country. This isn't good. And honestly I understand the defense instinct that leads many Italians to sympathize with the League. I would do it too."

Next to the many successful integration stories, there are also many stories of intolerance and social vulnerability that migrants share on social networks. You can find them by taking a look at the various Facebook pages of foreign communities that boast thousands of followers. An example is the @magrebini account, which has about 150,000 members. True virtual communities, made up by people that discuss, comment and picture a little-known reality: Among migrants, there are some who prefer the Right to the Left.

But what is happening exactly? There is still no precise data to help explain the phenomenon, though there are many stories out there. Those who have been integrated for a long time now see their path threatened by newcomers, and so look at them with suspicion and fear. "There is no place for everyone," says Fouad, 55, who left Morocco when he was 25 and is now a proud business owner.

"We arrived many years ago. We struggled very much to integrate ourselves and be respected in this country," he goes on to say. "Seeing that today we are put on the same level as newcomers, who have little desire to integrate and work, puts us in a difficult position. This is why I agree in setting limits to entry into Italy. Those who have been here for a while already have many difficulties. Adding other people means destroying the Italian/foreigner cohabitation relationship."

"I'll tell you one thing," says Nora, 40, a Tunisian mother of two daughters born in Italy from a mixed marriage. "I don't find the Right's stand on Islam scandalous at all. On the contrary, I very much agree. I am well aware of the conservative and extremist ideology of my faith. Leaving space to anyone in the name of religious freedom is very dangerous. I am here with my daughters and I would like to live in freedom, without misogynistic discrimination. I find the control and condemnation of some customs just right."

Adding other people means destroying the Italian/foreigner cohabitation relationship.

What about people who where were born in Italy to foreign parents? They've long been coddled by the Left on integration issues. The Left that promised to crown them as "new Italians' with the approval of a new law on citizenship, but then failed to follow through. Little wonder that the enthusiasm of the new generations diminished. Many felt betrayed, if not worse.

"We have been used and then thrown out after the elections," explains Marwan (not his real name), a university student who has lived in Italy since he was three years old. "We have been used only to seek consensus," he says with some bitterness. "This is the lesson that I and many others have learned: When the Left could change our lives with a law, it didn't. It proved to be the most hypocritical of all parties. Today I don't have citizenship, but in a few years I will have it. And I will not forget who betrayed their promises."

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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