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Fear And (Self) Loathing In France

Gargoyle of Notre Dame de Paris
Gargoyle of Notre Dame de Paris
Jean-Marc Vittori

PARIS A 4G offer? Danger! Bitcoin? Warning! The World Cup draw? It’s a trap!

This is the story of a strange country blessed by the gods, with beautiful scenery and heir to a long and rich history. Though full of talented people and worldwide economic powerhouses, everything now seems to be full of peril and darkness. Bienvenue en France, mes amis.

Prophets of doom, decline and downturn spent the past year roaming French cities and countrysides, appearing on TV shows and in newspaper columns, haunting political parties and the corridors of government ministries.

Thirty years ago a journalist famously opened a news broadcast on the most influential channel in the country saying, “France is afraid.” To make it clearer, he added, “it’s a feeling that we’re already fighting.” This battle has been lost for all of eternity, though — France’s Gallic ancestors were always terrified that the sky might fall on their heads.

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Soccer fans thought they had something to look forward to. For the 2014 World Cup, fate seemed to afford them the upper hand, revealing that the national team would face Honduras, Ecuador and Switzerland. Too good to be true, said the French! Former World Cup winner Bixente Lizarazu immediately set off alarm bells about the dangers of the soccer powerhouse...the Swiss.

Then, a telecommunications company, called Free, did something bold: it slashed prices on Internet access, landlines and 3G phones and still somehow generated hefty profits. Then it announced a 4G offer sooner than was expected.

Two government ministers coughed up a press release deeming it “a bold and risky bet.” Introduction of 4G was exactly what a country crippled by ancient rules and regulations needed, but it looks like France has lost its taste for innovation. The Socialist party ministers called a “questionable” offer that “degraded the service” and would “cause destruction of jobs.”

All the bold risk-takers said they would now carefully avoid this strange land.

[rebelmouse-image 27087693 alt="""" original_size="252x260" expand=1]

France, with all its monetary authority, is also worried about Bitcoin. So it published a memo about the “dangers associated with the development of virtual currencies.” To be honest, this concern wasn’t new. The European Central Bank began to worry about it before it even existed. To be even more honest, there is some legitimate reason to be circumspect about Bitcoin.

With no guarantee of safety or value and without any traceability, Bitcoin is the perfect vehicle for laundering and speculation. But the emergence of new currencies fits logically into a world of IT beyond the State influence. Other central banks have had to point out this risk before — the U.S., Japan and the UK all shamelessly manufactured unlimited money to buy government bonds, going backwards from history’s lessons.

Fear has gone beyond the boundaries of sport, business and money in France. In actual fact, the French are afraid of all kinds of change: genetically-modified organisms, waves, high-voltage wires, online courses, wind, etc. Competition is the most feared, as the Minister for Education serendipitously revealed when he made it clear that he separated values like “money, competition and selfishness” from “knowledge, dedication and solidarity.”

The Concorde, a plane that combined technical and aesthetic values at the expense of profitability and, unfortunately, strength, sparked a rare moment of national pride. Other innovations — those arising from the rivalry between entrepreneurs and researchers, or worse, between vendors — were dubious.

[rebelmouse-image 27087694 alt="""" original_size="500x213" expand=1]

In this country, there has often been a big difference between the individual and the collective, between relative serenity of one’s fate and the disarray of the community. Two-thirds of the population are pessimistic about the country, compared to the other third, who worry about their own situations.

In the book La Fabrique de la Défiance ("The Factory of Mistrust") the origins of this fear are clearly identified: With institutions based on hierarchy and status, France has lost its confidence. To rebuild it, the book asserts, more is needed than just education and social reforms. Yet the government, more than anyone else, is afraid of change.

Though freedom is the first word of the country’s motto, it seems clear that fear has become the winner, and the country’s citizens have lost their taste for freedom.


[rebelmouse-image 27087695 alt="""" original_size="607x480" expand=1]

“La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix — Louvre Museum

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Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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