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Geopolitics

Beyond No-Fly Zones: Weighing The West's Options To Help Ukraine Militarily

Ukrainians are pleading with the West to establish a no-fly zone to stop the destruction of their country. But that would be a high-risk option. Now the U.S. is considering delivering fighting jets, but that could also escalate the conflict. What else can be done?

photo of several Russian jets during a military exercise

Russian jets during a military exercise

Clemens Wergin

- Analysis-

BERLIN — People in the West rightly admire the tremendous courage with which Ukrainians are defending their country against the Russian invasion. And yet an enormous sense of powerlessness is spreading, partly because Russia now seems to be primarily concerned with destroying residential neighborhoods and civilian facilities, and wiping out infrastructure across Ukraine.

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Many wish the West would do more to help Ukraine. The only question is, what? It's worth looking closely at the possible options, and the risks they entail.


The most popular idea these days is a NATO-imposed no-fly zone. In a recent Reuters/Ipsos poll, three-quarters of Americans favor it. After all, no-fly zones worked several times in the past: For example after the first Iraq War to protect the Kurdish areas in the north, as well as during the war in Kosovo in the late 1990s.

There is no "clean solution"

Many laypeople imagine a no-fly zone as a "clean" solution: Let the skies over Ukraine be patrolled, therefore denying the Russians the opportunity to exploit their own air superiority. But that is a romanticized notion of what a no-fly zone actually is.

U.S. Air Force officers Mike Pietrucha and Mike Benitz explained in a recent piece on their website War on the Rocks that "a no-fly zone is not a military half-measure."

They note that such a "zone" is in reality "a combat operation designed to deprive the enemy of its airpower, and it involves direct and sustained fighting." And those would mean direct confrontation between NATO and Russian forces, and thus the risk of extending the war throughout Europe.

Not only would NATO planes have to attack Russian fighters in case of doubt in order to maintain the no-fly zone, they would also have to take out Russian air defense positions on the ground. Some of Russia's modern S-300 and S-400 air defense systems would not even be on Ukrainian soil, but would have to be attacked in Russia or Belarus, from where they cover large parts of Ukrainian airspace.

photo of a woman holding up a sign that says "Protect Ukrainian Sky"

A protest in Brussels on Sunday

Geovien So/SOPA Images/ZUMA

Weapons deliveries could backfire

Some say that the West is already involved in the war with its continuous deliveries of weapons, and that additional NATO military actions in support of Ukraine would change little.

But that is actually not the case under international law. The Charter of the United Nations does allow the international community to help states under attack that are merely exercising their right to self-defense.

Arms deliveries in support of Ukrainian self-defense are, however, an entirely different category compared to when a state or a community of states participates in hostilities.

In that case, a third state becomes a party to the war — as Belarus, for example, has become simply by making its territory available to Russia for the attack on Ukraine. At present, however, the West fears nothing more than being drawn into this conflict and facing Russia directly in a war.

Respecting international law is strategic too

Russia has not only violated international law by starting a war. It is also violating international law with its targeted attacks on civilians. Russia's President Vladimir Putin has concocted his justifications for the war: that Ukraine is somehow ruled by Nazis and is committing genocide against Russian-speaking Ukrainians, which is simply a lie.

Why does it matter, then, whether Putin is given further reasons for war against NATO as well? If he needed to, he would make those up too. On Saturday, for example, Putin described Western economic sanctions against Russia as a declaration of war by the West. So why should we insist on the niceties of international law?

Putin might feel constrained to enter an escalation spiral.

That is too simplistic a reading of international law. If the West interferes more directly, Putin might have to take it as a declaration of war — even if he hadn't at all been intent on a head-to-head conflict with the West. Then he might feel constrained to enter an escalation spiral, which could lead to a bonafide third world war in Europe, which could end in a nuclear escalation.

Second, it would jeopardize the hard-won unity of the West and NATO in the Ukraine crisis. It is hardly conceivable that all NATO states would agree to military intervention in Ukraine, whether in the form of a no-fly zone or otherwise.

Fighter jets as support

On Saturday, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky made an alternative proposal to the no-fly zone in a Zoom call with U.S. members of Congress: Ukraine could instead be supplied with aircraft, he demanded.

"His main ask was for the U.S. to allow Poland and Romania to transfer Soviet era jets to Ukraine, and for the U.S. to compensate by giving more advanced planes to those two NATO allies," Democrat Congressman Brad Sherman wrote on Twitter after the meeting.

It was an idea that EU foreign affairs envoy Josep Borrell had introduced a week ago, but it has not yet materialized — to the astonishment of some experts. Indeed, Soviet jets from old stocks of Eastern European states would allow Ukrainian pilots to use them straight away, as they were trained on the same aircraft.

"I fully understand and share the reasons why NATO does not want to reach a no-fly zone," says security expert François Heisbourg of the Foundation for Strategic Studies (FRS) in Paris. "But I don't understand why the U.S. and perhaps others are blocking the transfer of fighter aircraft to Ukraine. This is not seen as an act of war in international law and practice."

Wider geopolitical risks

Indeed, Zelensky's appeal seems to have created renewed interest around this issue.

On Sunday, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said they are "looking actively now at the question of airplanes that Poland may provide to Ukraine and looking at how we might be able to backfill should Poland decide to supply those planes."

If Poland gives up its own fighter jets, it could become Russia's next target.

Poland's Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki initially rejected the idea, saying: "Poland will not send its fighter jets to Ukraine, nor will it allow them to use its airports," he wrote on Twitter.

The reaction caused surprise — after all, Poland itself had made a push for the delivery of fighter jets as recently as last Thursday. Within a few hours, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg flew to Poland, and the Polish government backed down.

It is also possible that a dispute over compensation for the Polish deliveries is at play. Poland understandably does not want to weaken its own air force in a situation of tension. If it now gives up its own fighter jets, the country could become the next target of Russia's expansionist ambitions.

Warsaw, which is already in the process of replacing its old Soviet-built jets with modern Western ones, may want to persuade the U.S. to quickly hand over such modern jets to Poland in exchange for those that would be left for Kyiv.

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Society

After A Femicide, What Happens To The Children?

Children orphaned by domestic violence are a uniquely vulnerable kind of victim. An investigation from Romania.

Abstract painted image of an adult and a child walking. The adult is holding the child's hand.

Where does a child turn when their father has killed their mother?

Oana Sandu

NOTE: The names of the characters in the two stories featured in this article have been changed to protect the identity of the children.

A seven-year-old boy bounces out of the schoolyard towards his grandmother, who welcomes him happily and takes off his backpack. The child smiles at her and tells her that in one of his classes he got up from his desk and looked out of the window.

"You're not allowed!" the grandmother replies firmly. "Never do that again!"

The boy, Vladi, who has just started primary school, is puzzled: "Granny, do you forgive me? But I didn't know it was a rule. You didn't tell me I wasn't allowed to look out of the window."

"There are rules," the woman tells him. "Don't talk without being asked, don't interrupt class, don't get up from the bench."

"Yeah, but you didn't tell me I wasn't allowed to look out the window."

Grandma Ileana doesn't answer and hurries him towards the crossing to go to the supermarket. When he hears about the shopping, Vladi forgets the unspoken rule he had been warned about and is already thinking about what sweets to put in the basket.

The real reason for his visit to the supermarket in the center of a small town near Bucharest, Romania, where his grandma has lived for almost 20 years, is a promise from the manager to help her with a much-needed document.

Her daughter died three years ago and she wants to make sure Vladi and her sister have access to orphan allowances. To do this she needs the original work card for her daughter, who worked as a shop assistant here more than 10 years ago, when she was free and could choose where to work.

With her voice trembling, she tells the manager that her daughter worked here in 2009, and the government has been asking for her old work card. "It will be three years now, in February, since she died. I don't know, maybe you heard of the case?"

The manager doesn't reply, reads the document worriedly and then tells her that a long time has passed since 2009 and there is little chance that the original work card will be with them. She phones a colleague, asks a few questions and then explains to the grandmother that in 2011, work cards were given to employees, so the daughter probably already received it.

"Got it," the grandmother replies resignedly. She asks Vladi what they have to take, and he answers quickly, as if he had already learned the list: "Bread, milk, cereal — and I would like some sweets."

Vladi and his sister Eliza have been Ileana's top priority since February 2020, when their father killed their mother, Ileana’s daughter.

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