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Germany

Right-Wing Groups To Hold Summit In Munich On Hitler's Birthday

SUDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG (Germany)

Worldcrunch

MUNICH - This Saturday, April 20, a group of right-wing fraternities in Germany will hold what they are calling a “regional conference” in Munich. The extreme right-wing Danubia fraternity has also been invited to attend.

Such a summit might not be particularly noteworthy except that April 20 also happens to be Adolf Hitler's birthday, reports Suddeutsche Zeitung.

The meeting in Munich's Old Town is one of a series planned by the Dachverband Deutsche Burschenschaft, the umbrella organization of German fraternities, which has already been a source of protests in German cities Kassel und Heidelberg, and one conference in Freiburg was cancelled, writes Suddeutsche Zeitung reporter Sebastian Krass.

According to a spokesman, the organizer of the series is Bruno Burchart, a member of a Viennese fraternity called Olympia that has close ties with Danubia. In 2005, Olympia invited British Holocaust denier David Irving to be a guest speaker.

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Hitler in Munich in 1930 (Wikipedia)

The spokesman called the conferences "continuing education seminars to teach young people about issues such as democracy.” Suddeutsche Zeitung says that no information was available about the exact program of Saturday’s event or those expected to attend. The spokesman insists that it is sheer coincidence that the meeting takes place on the day of Hitler’s birthday, and in the German city most closely associated with the Nazi leader. Munich is also currently bracing for a major trial of German right-wing extremist terrorists.

Following a conference a year ago, one Danubia member reported in a fraternity newspaper that a speaker had complained that "Nazi history, women, foreigners and the Vaterland” had become taboo subjects in Germany and stated that resisting this "dictatorship of speech" was a “duty.”

In a recently published report German intelligence services stated that among Danubia’s active members were "individuals with current or former links to right-wing extremists“ and that activists from the Munich Neo-Nazi scene had been known to participate in Danubia events.

Munich police said there has so far been no indication that protests were planned.

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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