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Geopolitics

Algeria's Orwell Portends Islamic Dictatorship In 2084

Is the Islamization of Europe underway? In his dark novel "2084: The End of the World," Algerian writer Boualem Sansal explores an Islamist world dictatorship. In this extract from an interview with Die Welt

Various protests for and against refugees in Cologne, Germany
Various protests for and against refugees in Cologne, Germany
Martina Meister

PARIS — Sunday morning, 9 a.m. It's raining in Paris. We meet Boualem Sansal, 66, in a small office in the central Marais neighborhood. Yesterday he was in Warsaw, tomorrow he'll move on from here. Never, he says, has he traveled so much for any other book he has written. This one is called 2084: The End of the World, and in the tradition of George Orwell's 1984, it describes the dictatorship of faith: Radical Islam has taken over the world, erasing all that had existed before.

DIE WELT: Mr. Sansal, your book is pretty dark. At least Orwell had a love story.

BOUALEM SANSAL: In this world of Islamism, love wouldn't have been credible. Orwell was a Christian and Christianity is structured around love. The idea of salvation through love is omnipresent. In Islam, there's only love for God. Women hide behind love, and love is what Islam is fighting against.

How does a Muslim read your book?

A Muslim like me, who is not religious but grew up in a Muslim country, reads it just like you and I would. The West is wrong in believing that all Muslims are Islamist extremists. Many are even more frightened of Islamic extremism than people in the West.

Ever since the attacks in Paris, the West is frightened, too.

Of course. It was just the beginning. After Charlie Hebdo, things were different; the majority could somehow explain that behavior. It had been blasphemy, after all.

The idea being that they brought it on themselves, like the girl in the short skirt who gets raped?

Yes, and that's why the attacks in January didn't wake people up. The Bataclan, on the other hand, was something completely different. People there were attacked for who they are, for their culture, their lifestyle. It was youth, bars, a stadium, places that are characteristic of the West. The Islamist extremists know they can't fight the West militarily. So they need to make the West destroy itself. They are trying to fracture society because they know that if that happens, it will fall apart all by itself.

In France, there are right-wing extremist intellectuals speaking of the "grand remplacement," the repression of Western Christian society by Islam. Where's the difference between that and what you claim is happening?

I think the expression is not well-chosen. It's not about replacing the society, but about fusion: France is about to Islamize.

Is our culture vanishing?

As a democrat, I regretfully see our civilization perishing.

We have sheltered a million Muslim refugees in Germany. What's your forecast?

Germany was completely naive. And in the long run, it's the country that is most threatened.

Why naive?

Because for a long time Germany was convinced that it was unaffected by these problems. Radical Islam, that's France, Great Britain, but certainly not Germany. And because of what happened in World War II, the Germans have a particularly tolerant society. And that was exploited. When Islamist Algerians were exiled, they went to Germany, where they were taken in as political refugees.

What proof do you have that this war of cultures has already started, that the Islamization of German society is underway?

Germany is rich, influential, extremely well-organized. The fall of Germany is what they dream of more than anything else. One nightmare joins another. In fact, many Europeans share Recep Tayyip Erdogan's nightmares.

Are you Islamophobic, Mr. Sansal?

Not in the sense the word is usually used. I don't like Islam, I don't believe in it, and I note that it represents an extreme danger. It will break up our society.

Do we lack the conviction and courage to defend our values?

Islamists fight very bravely for that they believe in. You have to admit that. When it comes to us I have to confess: We're not driven by anything. For the notion of "freedom" we would have once gone to the end of the world, but that's over now.

That's not true, after Charlie Hebdo millions marched in the streets for the sake of freedom of speech.

That was nothing but a spontaneous emotional reaction. It was meaningless, except for the fact that it put the heads of state into the limelight, above all poor François Hollande, who wouldn't harm a fly. In Algeria, we have seen what happens when people are overcome by their emotions: senseless, collective lamentation.

Do we have to take the title of your book literally? "The end of the world," no hope?

You know, sometimes it's the small things, an idea, a sentence, that shed light on other things. In Algeria, the words of the writer Tahar Djaout were what spread like wildfire. They made things obvious for people. He was right. His words were reassuring, eventually.

What was it?

With a humble smile, he said in an interview: "If you speak, you die. If you don't speak, you die. So speak, and die." A week later he was murdered.

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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