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This Happened

This Happened — September 30: The Treaty Of Munich Signed

On this day in 1938, the Treaty of Munich was signed by Hitler, Mussolini, Daladier and Chamberlain.

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What was the Treaty of Munich?

The Treaty of Munich, also known as the Munich Agreement, was an agreement signed on September 30, 1938, between Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy. It aimed to resolve the crisis over the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia with a significant ethnic German population. The agreement allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland, but it was stipulated that German forces would only occupy the areas with predominantly German-speaking populations. Czechoslovakia, excluded from the negotiations, was compelled to cede this territory without its consent.

Why did Britain and France agree to the Munich Agreement?

Britain and France, scarred by the trauma of World War I, were reluctant to enter another conflict. They believed that by appeasing Hitler and granting him the Sudetenland, they could prevent further aggression and maintain peace. This policy of appeasement, however, proved ineffective in deterring Hitler's ambitions.

How did the Munich Agreement contribute to World War II?

The Munich Agreement was a significant factor that emboldened Hitler and signaled to him that his territorial ambitions could be pursued without serious consequences. This contributed to the erosion of stability in Europe and created an environment conducive to further aggression, eventually leading to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

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Geopolitics

The Pope's Bronchitis Can't Hide What Truly Ails Church — Or Whispers Of Succession

It is not only the health of the Pope that worries the Holy See. From the collapse of vocations to the conservative wind in the USA, there are many ills to face.

 Pope Francis reaches over to tough the hands of devotees during his  General Audience at the Vatican.​

November 29, 2023: Pope Francis during his wednesday General Audience at the Vatican.

Evandro Inetti/ZUMA
Gianluigi Nuzzi

ROME — "How am I? I'm fine... I'm still alive, you know? See, I'm not dead!"

With a dose of irony and sarcasm, Pope Francis addressed those who'd paid him a visit this past week as he battled a new lung inflammation, and the antibiotic cycles and extra rest he still must stick with on strict doctors' orders.

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The Pope is dealing with a sensitive respiratory system; the distressed tracheo-bronchial tree can cause asthmatic reactions, with the breathlessness in his speech being the most obvious symptom. Tired eyes and dark circles mark his swollen face. A sense of unease and bewilderment pervades and only diminishes when the doctors restate their optimism about his general state of wellness.

"The pope's ailments? Nothing compared to the health of the Church," quips a priest very close to the Holy Father. "The Church is much worse off, marked by chronic ailments and seasonal illnesses."

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