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This Happened

This Happened - March 20: Invasion Of Iraq

The United States invaded Iraq on this day in 2003 under the pretext of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). The Bush administration argued that Saddam Hussein's regime posed a threat to U.S. national security and to the stability of the Middle East. However, no WMDs were found after the invasion.


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Did the invasion of Iraq violate International law?

The Bush administration argued that the invasion was authorized by previous UN resolutions and that it was necessary to defend the United States against the threat of WMDs. However, other countries and legal experts argued that the invasion was not authorized by the UN and therefore violated international law.

How many innocent civilians died in the Iraq War?

Estimates of the number of people who died as a result of the Iraq War vary. According to the Iraq Body Count project, which tracks civilian deaths, between 182,000 and 204,000 civilians were killed from the start of the war until the end of 2021.

Did the United States achieve its goals in Iraq?

The United States did not achieve its primary goals in Iraq, which were to eliminate the threat of WMDs and to establish a stable democracy in the country. The absence of WMDs undermined the credibility of the Bush administration and the rationale for the war, while the U.S. occupation of Iraq was marked by violence, sectarian conflict, and political instability.

What was the impact of the Iraq invasion?

The invasion of Iraq had significant consequences for Iraq, the United States, and the Middle East. The war led to the displacement of millions of Iraqis and the destruction of infrastructure and institutions. The United States suffered significant financial costs and loss of credibility in the international community.

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Society

Genoa Postcard: A Tale Of Modern Sailors, Echos Of The Ancient Mariner

Many seafarers are hired and fired every seven months. Some keep up this lifestyle for 40 years while sailing the world. Some of those who'd recently docked in the Italian port city of Genoa, share a taste of their travels that are connected to a long history of a seafaring life.

A sailor smokes a cigarette on the hydrofoil Procida

A sailor on the hydrofoil Procida in Italy

Daniele Frediani/Mondadori Portfolio via ZUMA Press
Paolo Griseri

GENOA — Cristina did it to escape after a tough breakup. Luigi because he dreamed of adventures and the South Seas. Marianna embarked just “before the refrigerator factory where I worked went out of business. I’m one of the few who got severance pay.”

To hear their stories, you have to go to the canteen on Via Albertazzi, in Italy's northern port city of Genoa, across from the ferry terminal. The place has excellent minestrone soup and is decorated with models of the ships that have made the port’s history.

There are 38,000 Italian professional sailors, many of whom work here in Genoa, a historic port of call that today is the country's second largest after Trieste on the east coast. Luciano Rotella of the trade union Italian Federation of Transport Workers says the official number of maritime workers is far lower than the reality, which contains a tangle of different laws, regulations, contracts and ethnicities — not to mention ancient remnants of harsh battles between shipowners and crews.

The result is that today it is not so easy to know how many people sail, nor their nationalities.

What is certain is that every six to seven months, the Italian mariner disembarks the ship and is dismissed: they take severance pay and after waits for the next call. Andrea has been sailing for more than 20 years: “When I started out, to those who told us we were earning good money, I replied that I had a precarious life: every landing was a dismissal.”

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