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FOCUS: Russia-Ukraine War

How Putin Reads Tolstoy: The Case For A Hard Line Against Russian Culture

From ballet to opera to classic literature, Russia has turned its culture into an instrument for its own expansion. The West must fight back, Ukraine's culture minister Oleksandr Tkachenko writes in an op-ed in German daily Die Welt. It's time to stop supporting Russian artists and seek out Ukrainians instead.

Photo of Anna Netrebko

The pro-Putin singer Anna Netrebko during the last representation of Aida in Vienna in January

Oleksandr Tkatschenko*

-OpEd-

KYIV — At first glance, it seems only a small administrative act: on Jan. 25, Vladimir Putin changed the mission of his country's state cultural policy. Its task now includes "protecting society from external ideological expansion."

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Behind this change lies the idea that there are "unfriendly states involved in activities aimed at undermining the cultural sovereignty of the Russian Federation." What is at stake is nothing less than the "protection of historical truth."

Culture is thus a tool and even a weapon in the hands of the state. Russia actively uses it to promote its interests — from making Russian ballet and other symbols of Russian culture (Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Piotr Tchaikovsky, Dmitri Shostakovich) popular, to protecting the rights of Russian speakers abroad.

It is time to do something about this.


Unfortunately, most European countries have still not understood that violence is the basis of the Russian ideological value system — and that culture is an instrument to enforce this ideology.

Weapons for Putin's ideology

For example, the organizers of the International May Festival in Wiesbaden, one of the oldest theater and music festivals in Germany.

She is part of the Putin system.

There, they continue to hold on to the performance of Russian singer Anna Netrebko. Two Ukrainian participants in the festival (musicians from the Symphony Orchestra of the National Philharmonic of Ukraine and the Choir of the Ukrainian National Opera) have already pulled out because of this.

Anna Netrebko is a part of the Putin system. She should not be given a stage, a boycott would be the appropriate reaction. This has already happened with Russian pop singer Philipp Kirkorov, who was supposed to tour Germany. His performances have now been canceled.

Kirkorov traveled to Russian military bases in the annexed Crimea after the war began and gave two concerts there. He also found time on his trip to visit a hospital treating Russian soldiers wounded during the invasion of Ukraine. In an interview with Crimean journalists, Kirkorov referred to these soldiers as "brave warriors whose performance is priceless."

Tolstoy on May 23, 1908 at Yasnaya Polyana, lithograph print by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky. Symbols of Russian culture, such as Tolstoy, are used for propaganda purposes by Putin.

Wikipedia

Sanctioning Russian artists

Netrebko and Kirkorov, as well as more than a hundred Kremlin supporters, including singers, television hosts, film actors, and other Russian propagandists, were included in Ukraine's sanctions list, which was signed by President Volodymyr Zelensky in early January.

The International Working Group on Sanctions against Russia, together with the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, created a carefully-developed roadmap of recommended individual sanctions.

Therefore, the time has come for all democratic states to include in their sanctions lists those individuals who have so far been spared.

Victoria Poleva is a famous contemporary Ukrainian composer

Wikipedia

Promoting Ukrainian artists instead

Ukrainian culture is rich in artists who are in no way inferior to Russian ones. I am thinking of the European premieres of contemporary Ukrainian composers, including Zoltan Almashi's string orchestra work "Maria's City" (commemorating the destruction of Mariupol), Victoria Poleva's "Bucha. Lacrimosa" or Evgeni Orkin's "Odesa Rhapsody."

Where was your wonderful, sophisticated music before?

I think of the music of Maksym Berezovsky and Boris Lyatoshynsky, of Miroslav Skoryk and Valentyn Sylvestrov.

Their works were played in the most prestigious halls in Germany. A large audience could feel the originality of Ukrainian music and its inseparability from European music.

And often foreigners have a question: "Where was your wonderful, sophisticated music before? Why didn't we hear it?" The answer is simple: because so much more attention was paid to Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich or Rachmaninov.

Unlike Russian artists, Ukrainian ones had no lobby among music agents. They were constantly on the road in Russia, generously sponsored by Russian companies. In addition, many cultural assets are professionally packaged into "a tradition" by experienced Russian propagandists. They seduce the whole world to endlessly chew the same "cultural bubble gum."

*Oleksandr Tkachenko is Ukraine's Minister of Culture and Information Policy.

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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