Possess a firearm

The Puerto Rico Weapons Act of 2020 replaced a previous law that legislators found to be inconsistent with the United States Constitution. The new law was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico by the New Progressive Party, which advocates for statehood.

I was motivated for my own security, of my business and of my family.

Among the changes enshrined by the law are the scrapping of a requirement for gun owners to be registered with a shooting range; eliminating a requirement to submit a declaration by three people attesting to the license applicant’s character; and limiting the deadline for the police to grant a gun license from 120 to 30 days.

“I was motivated [to buy a firearm] for my own security, of my business and of my family,” says Raonel Marrero Lebrón, a 36-year-old restaurant owner in Mayagüez, a coastal town in western Puerto Rico, who obtained his license last year. His restaurant is in the city center, an area that is often dark and deserted outside of business hours. “After Hurricane Maria and the pandemic, things have become very dangerous,” he says. “In the town of Mayagüez, there have been many robberies, many muggings.”

Marrero Lebrón says lower costs were a deciding factor for him to apply for the license. “At first, you needed a target-shooting license, and after that, the possession, which was a more complicated and difficult process,” he says. “Now one can do it all in one go, which made it all easier.”

What about safety?

Roberto Otero Ortega, an attorney who specializes in weapons and belongs to the Puerto Rico Gun Law Association, says the entire application process now costs around $400 — down from $2,000 with the previous law. “The state is not guaranteeing the safety of the citizens,” Otero Ortega says. “Things keep getting worse. A lot of people are taking notice now, and they’re taking care of [their own safety] themselves.”

But according to a study by Nicolás Ramos Gandía, a mathematics professor at the Inter American University of Puerto Rico’s Arecibo campus, crime has been in steady decline in Puerto Rico for the last two decades. By analyzing official crime statistics in Puerto Rico from 1960 to 2021, his study shows that, since 1992, the violent crime rate — defined by the number of homicides, assaults, cases of slavery, robberies and aggravated assaults per 100,000 people — has decreased steadily, reaching its lowest point in history in 2020.

Even if violent crime rates are the lowest they have ever been, some Puerto Ricans still say they feel safer with a gun. “If more people are armed, more law-abiding people, a person who is going to commit a crime will have to think twice,” says Yomara Adrovet, a 47-year-old gun shop and shooting range owner in Bayamón.

Since the new law took effect, Adrovet says her clientele increased significantly — and diversified. “When I started, almost no women would come into the store, one maybe once a week,” she says. “Now, ladies come every day. … Almost every day, families come in.”

More arms, more fatalities

María Elena Ortiz Collazo, director of the Department of Criminal Justice and Public Safety at Ana G. Méndez University, Gurabo campus, says a family is most at risk once there is a gun in the home. “Where there are more arms, there are more fatalities, more suicides, more crimes against women,” she says. “It is studied, and it is proven.”

Armed with 30 years of experience as a criminal lawyer and judge, Ortiz Collazo cites studies that show that being armed makes a person more rather than less susceptible to harm. “Having a gun in the home doesn’t increase the possibilities of self-defense if you’re attacked,” she says. “A gun in the home increases the odds of… [robberies] because a firearm tends to attract robbers.”

Violence here is more often related to crime and drugs.

But at Adrovet’s shop, customers are increasingly interested in learning about self-defense. “We can’t have a police officer around all the time,” she says. It turns out, however, that Puerto Rico’s police department is among the largest in the United States. With 3.9 law enforcement employees for every 1,000 residents as of 2020, the department’s number of officers per capita is above the U.S. national average for jurisdictions with more than 250,000 people.Even so, the legislature in 2020 approved a budget of $940 million for police, or around $286 per capita, while most states spent an average of $375 per capita on police.

Adrovet doesn’t think Puerto Ricans have reason to fear mass shootings despite the surge in civilian gun ownership. Puerto Ricans have a different culture, she says, and violence here is more often related to crime and drugs.

Alexis Torres, secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Public Safety, says the government is training police officers to respond to mass shootings, just in case. “We’ve entered agreements with Louisiana State University and we’re receiving training to certify instructors of the Puerto Rico Police Department,” he says.

Despite the risks, Marrero Lebrón, the restaurant owner, believes a firearm will protect his business and family. “If it weren’t for that reason,” he says, “believe me, I wouldn’t have it.”