When the world gets closer.

We help you see farther.

Sign up to our expressly international daily newsletter.

Already a subscriber? Log in.

You've reach your limit of free articles.

Get unlimited access to Worldcrunch

You can cancel anytime.

SUBSCRIBERS BENEFITS

Ad-free experience NEW

Exclusive international news coverage

Access to Worldcrunch archives

Monthly Access

30-day free trial, then $2.90 per month.

Annual Access BEST VALUE

$19.90 per year, save $14.90 compared to monthly billing.save $14.90.

Subscribe to Worldcrunch
Venezuela

Little Miss Venezuela: A Nation's Beauty Pageant Obsession Starts At Age Four

An up-close look at the youngest members of the beauty system -- and mentality -- that has produced more Miss Universe winners than anyone but the US.

Inflation has resulted in food shortages in Venezuela.
Looking like Miss Venezuela takes years of practice (sergejf)
Roman Camacho/Sopa Images/ZUMA
Flávia Marreiro

CARACAS - "And how should one hold a wine glass?" asks Wendy Guillen, an etiquette instructor at the most famous Venezuelan school for young girls who one day want to become the new Miss Universe.

Sitting around a glass table, several students raise their hand at the same time. "You should hold it from below!"

Their ages range from five to 10 years old, but the school will also accept four year olds. Reviewing basic etiquette rules include how to sip cognac, the right place to put your purse and a strong recommendation to sit with the legs closed, as a proper little niña should do.

Etiquette classes are the boring part for the young girls, but things were different moments before when they exchanged turns strutting down the catwalk and posing in front of our cameras.

"My name is Victória and I'm five years old," says a red-haired little girl wearing a dress, dividing her attention between the camera lenses and her mother, Vilma González, who tries to give her some instructions from across the room.

González, a 42-year-old company manager, took a break from her job to take Victoria on a Thursday afternoon to the University of Beauty, a large house in the wealthy Caracas neighborhood of Altamira.

"She would be the first red-haired Miss Venezuela," her mom says confidently, explaining how her daughter is bound to win one of the more than 600 local beauty contests, a step before moving on to television, commercials, and even to politics.

Current Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez won election in 1998 by beating Irene Sáez, a governor and mayor of Caracas, who first gained prominence as one of Venezuela's six national Miss Universe winners (only the US, with seven, has won the crown more times).

Vilma González does not see any problem teaching such little girls rules on drinking manners and makeup, nor does she think the prep courses will become a psychological burden on Victória.

The mother complains of "discrimination" against little Miss contests, and believes the training will imbue her daughter with the feminine side girls have been losing.

"Rather dead

Do you know Gisele Bündchen? "Yes', answers the group, all seemingly quite familiar with the Brazilian supermodel. But a few more questions reveal they actually thought it was a different person.

This is Gisselle Reyes, owner of the University of Beauty and the official instructor for Miss Venezuela contest. She is the "queen of "tumbao,"" a local word for a perfect swivel of the hip.

Being able to please Gisselle Reyes is an important step to reach powerful Osmel Sousa, who makes the final choice about who will compete in the final rounds to qualify for the Miss Venezuela contest -- an event owned by the powerful broadcasting group Cisneros.

Plastic surgery is not necessarily seen as a problem for the contest, and girls may change their nose, raise their cheek bones, and undergo liposuction. Even teens and pre-teens undergo surgery, a fashion which the University of Beauty says it opposes.

"We do not recommend it to those under 18," says Wendy Guillen, surrounded by her students.

One of them is Luisana Pimentel, 5, proof of national saying "antes muerta que sencilla" -- something like "I'd rather be dead than being just somebody." The little girl points down at the little high-heeled silver shoes, with small shiny stones: "This is my first time wearing these", she says.

Indeed, Gulillen explains, that to make it to Miss Venezuela -- and maybe even Miss Universe -- there is only one real physical barrier: being short.

Read the original article in Portuguese

Photo - sergejf

You've reached your limit of free articles.

To read the full story, start your free trial today.

Get unlimited access. Cancel anytime.

Exclusive coverage from the world's top sources, in English for the first time.

Insights from the widest range of perspectives, languages and countries.

Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

Keep reading...Show less

You've reached your limit of free articles.

To read the full story, start your free trial today.

Get unlimited access. Cancel anytime.

Exclusive coverage from the world's top sources, in English for the first time.

Insights from the widest range of perspectives, languages and countries.

Already a subscriber? Log in.

You've reach your limit of free articles.

Get unlimited access to Worldcrunch

You can cancel anytime.

SUBSCRIBERS BENEFITS

Ad-free experience NEW

Exclusive international news coverage

Access to Worldcrunch archives

Monthly Access

30-day free trial, then $2.90 per month.

Annual Access BEST VALUE

$19.90 per year, save $14.90 compared to monthly billing.save $14.90.

Subscribe to Worldcrunch

The latest