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Economy

Russian Oligarchs Turn To Crypto To Skirt Sanctions

Faced with a $32 billion drop in their wealth this year, Russian oligarchs are looking for assets to allow them to overcome sanctions that will increase with the invasion of Ukraine. Familiar with crises, they see bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as an escape from the hegemony of the dollar, and a way to diversify their holdings.

Vivid's app is seen on a display of an iPhone while the candlestick chart of a cryptocurrency is shown on a monitor in the background

Holding crypto allows oligarchs to escape seizures of their assets abroad

Nessim Aït-Kacimi

With the European Union and the United States delivering the harshest ever sanctions on Russia following the invasion of Ukraine, ultra-wealthy Russians are turning to new tech to preserve their financial assets. Cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin (circa $32,000) and ethereum (circa $2,470) can be seen, rightly or wrongly, as life savers during financial and geopolitical crises that threaten private assets.


For those close to the Russian power personally targeted by Western sanctions, holding crypto allows them to escape seizures of their assets abroad. And holders have taken care to cover their tracks, as bitcoin is traceable and transparent. Concerned about discretion, Russian investors may prefer cryptos such as monero ($154) that offer anonymity to their users.

Bitcoin boom in Moscow

The U.S. authorities recently demonstrated during the arrest of the couple suspected of laundering the Bitfinex hack that they were gaining momentum in tracking the flow of these new assets. The U.S. Treasury noted in a statement Tuesday that oligarchs under sanctions have used family members to transfer their assets and hide their vast wealth.

The 23 certified Russian billionaires still hold assets estimated at $343 billion.

Earlier this month, the Russian government estimated that its citizens held $214 billion worth of crypto, or around 12% of the global total. Among these holders are the mighty fortunes of Russian oligarchs. Their diversified wealth (stocks, real estate) has decreased by $32 billion this year according to the billionaires indices compiled by Bloomberg.

Although cryptocurrencies has fallen by 8.5%, it has held up much better than the Moscow Stock Exchange, which has dropped by 23% in 2022. The 23 certified Russian billionaires still hold assets estimated at $343 billion. However, when placed abroad, this money is in the crosshairs of the American authorities.

​New monetary order

Oleg Deripaska

Oleg Deripaska, founder of Basic Element, one of Russia's largest industrial groups.

wikipedia/AntonPopper777


Just take Oleg Deripaska, the founder of Basic Element, one of Russia's largest industrial groups. Deripaska has been targeted for two years by U.S. sanctions, and last October, he called on the Bank of Russia to embrace cryptocurrencies. Disgruntled, he reacted on the Telegram messaging platform while the Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted raids on his properties in New York and Washington.

Deripaska hoped the global success of cryptos could divert investors from the dollar. He even imagined it would lead the United States to default for a lack of buyers for its debt, resulting in a crash of American currency. On a political level, this would significantly hinder the U.S.’s ability to impose sanctions, which hinges on the dollar being the world’s reserve currency.

Iran and North Korea have both used cryptocurrencies to circumvent Western sanctions; a United Nations report even found that North Korea is funding its nuclear program with cryptocurrency stolen with ransomware.

Already, the Russian government is creating its own central bank electronic currency, a digital ruble, to trade directly with other countries without converting to dollars (China, Russia’s largest trading partner, has also developed its own central bank digital currency.)

A crypto culture

But Russia has only partially met the expectations of its oligarchs. It has not allowed cryptos as a means of payment, according to a bill from the Minister of Finance that was presented earlier this week. Individuals will be able to invest a maximum of $7,700 a year in bitcoin if they pass a test to assess their knowledge of this cryptocurrency. If they fail, they will be able to invest only $650 in the world market leader.

This restrictive approach, which displeases the Russian crypto sector, is likely to be sidestepped, and not just by oligarchs. A broader spectrum of the Russian population is getting interested in these digital assets.

In 2021, the country was ranked 18th out of 154 for its level of cryptocurrency adoption, with individual users, companies and transaction platforms. And in 2020, Russians earned $600 million from their investments in bitcoin, as much as the French, but far behind the Americans ($4.1 billion), according to the annual ranking of Chainalysis.

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Green

The Unsustainable Future Of Fish Farming — On Vivid Display In Turkish Waters

Currently, 60% of Turkey's fish currently comes from cultivation, also known as fish farming, compared to just 10% two decades ago. The short-sightedness of this shift risks eliminating fishing output from both the farms and the open seas along Turkey's 5,200 miles of coastline.

Photograph of two fishermen throwing a net into the Tigris river in Turkey.

Traditional fishermen on the Tigris river, Turkey.

Dûrzan Cîrano/Wikimeidia
İrfan Donat

ISTANBUL — Turkey's annual fish production includes 515,000 tons from cultivation and 335,000 tons came from fishing in open waters. In other words, 60% of Turkey's fish currently comes from cultivation, also known as fish farming.

It's a radical shift from just 20 years ago when some 600,000 tons, or 90% of the total output, came from fishing. Now, researchers are warning the current system dominated by fish farming is ultimately unsustainable in the country with 8,333 kilometers (5,177 miles) long.

Professor Mustafa Sarı from the Maritime Studies Faculty of Bandırma 17 Eylül University believes urgent action is needed: “Why were we getting 600,000 tons of fish from the seas in the 2000’s and only 300,000 now? Where did the other 300,000 tons of fish go?”

Professor Sarı is challenging the argument from certain sectors of the industry that cultivation is the more sustainable approach. “Now we are feeding the fish that we cultivate at the farms with the fish that we catch from nature," he explained. "The fish types that we cultivate at the farms are sea bass, sea bram, trout and salmon, which are fed with artificial feed produced at fish-feed factories. All of these fish-feeds must have a significant amount of fish flour and fish oil in them.”

That fish flour and fish oil inevitably must come from the sea. "We have to get them from natural sources. We need to catch 5.7 kilogram of fish from the seas in order to cultivate a sea bream of 1 kg," Sarı said. "Therefore, we are feeding the fish to the fish. We cannot cultivate fish at the farms if the fish in nature becomes extinct. The natural fish need to be protected. The consequences would be severe if the current policy is continued.”

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