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French Far Right Leader Marine Le Pen: 'Getting Closer'

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Libération, Dec. 7, 2015

"It's getting closer," warns French leftist daily Libérationon its front page Monday, alongside a blurry picture of France's National Front leader Marine Le Pen, one day after her far-right party topped the vote in the first round of the country's regional elections.

France's National Front became the country's "first party," obtaining close to 30% in a historic win Sunday that came just three weeks after the Nov. 13 terrorist attacks in Paris. Le Pen herself is poised to take power in a key northern region, which Libération notes could pave the way for her to become a front-runner in France's presidential elections in 2017.

The nationalist party came first in six of France's 13 regions, with party leader Marine Le Pen getting 40.6% of the vote in the north, and a similar score for her niece, Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, in the southeast, Le Figaro reports.

A coalition of center-right parties, led by Nicolas Sarkozy's Les Républicains came second nationwide with 27%, a "slap in the face" for the ex-president, according to Le Monde. The ruling Socialist party (which also holds a majority of regions) ended third with 23%, in an election that saw a low turnout of just 51%.

Under French regional election rules, all candidates with more than 10% are eligible for next Sunday's second round. Almost every region saw candidates from the three main parties qualify for the runoff. But Socialist candidates who came in third place in the north and southeast have retreated from the race, following party instructions, in a bid to "block" the National Front from winning the runoff. At least one candidate, in the eastern region, has refused to do so.

Nicolas Sarkozy, eager to distance himself both from the Socialists and the National Front, ruled out such a move for his party's candidates who came third, sparking divisions inside his own ranks, according to Le Parisien.

Read a recent Marine Le Pen interview with Le TempsHERE

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Green

Forest Networks? Revisiting The Science Of Trees And Funghi "Reaching Out"

A compelling story about how forest fungal networks communicate has garnered much public interest. Is any of it true?

Thomas Brail films the roots of a cut tree with his smartphone.

Arborist and conservationist Thomas Brail at a clearcutting near his hometown of Mazamet in the Tarn, France.

Melanie Jones, Jason Hoeksema, & Justine Karst

Over the past few years, a fascinating narrative about forests and fungi has captured the public imagination. It holds that the roots of neighboring trees can be connected by fungal filaments, forming massive underground networks that can span entire forests — a so-called wood-wide web. Through this web, the story goes, trees share carbon, water, and other nutrients, and even send chemical warnings of dangers such as insect attacks. The narrative — recounted in books, podcasts, TV series, documentaries, and news articles — has prompted some experts to rethink not only forest management but the relationships between self-interest and altruism in human society.

But is any of it true?

The three of us have studied forest fungi for our whole careers, and even we were surprised by some of the more extraordinary claims surfacing in the media about the wood-wide web. Thinking we had missed something, we thoroughly reviewed 26 field studies, including several of our own, that looked at the role fungal networks play in resource transfer in forests. What we found shows how easily confirmation bias, unchecked claims, and credulous news reporting can, over time, distort research findings beyond recognition. It should serve as a cautionary tale for scientists and journalists alike.

First, let’s be clear: Fungi do grow inside and on tree roots, forming a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza, or fungus-root. Mycorrhizae are essential for the normal growth of trees. Among other things, the fungi can take up from the soil, and transfer to the tree, nutrients that roots could not otherwise access. In return, fungi receive from the roots sugars they need to grow.

As fungal filaments spread out through forest soil, they will often, at least temporarily, physically connect the roots of two neighboring trees. The resulting system of interconnected tree roots is called a common mycorrhizal network, or CMN.

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